C. trachomatis can be differentiated into 18 serovars based on monoclonal antibody based typing assays. Serovars A, B, Ba, and C are associated with trachoma (a serious eye disease that can lead to blindness), serovars D-K are associated with genital tract infections, and L1-L3 are associated with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen (i.e. the bacterium lives within human cells) and can cause numerous disease states in both men and women. Both sexes can display urethritis, proctitis (rectal disease and bleeding), trachoma, and infertility. The bacterium can cause prostatitis and epididymi-tis in men and cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy in women. C. trachomatis is also an important neonatal pathogen, where it can lead to infections of the eye (trachoma) and pulmonary complications.

Gonorrhea, which is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is an important public health problem and is the most common reportable infectious disease. An estimated 700,000 new gonococcal infections occur annually in the United States. Gonorrhea is most frequently spread during sexual contact. However, it can also be transmitted from the mother's genital tract to the newborn during birth, causing ophthalmia neonatorum and systemic neonatal infection.

Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma are causes of nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis. Mycoplasma species do not cause vaginitis, but they may proliferate in patients with bacterial vaginosis and may contribute to the condition. M hominis has been isolated from the endometria and fallopian tubes of approximately 10% of women with salpingitis; M genitalium may also be involved in pelvic inflammatory disease and cervicitis. Ureaplasma species can cause placental inflammation and may invade the amniotic sac early, causing persistent infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature birth. The two Ureaplasma biovars, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, have now been designated as separate species. Separation of these species is not possible except via molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Trichomoniasis is the most common, curable sexually transmitted disease in the world. It is also one of the three most common vaginal infections in women. According to the World Health Organization's annual estimates, there are an estimated 7.4 million trichomoniasis cases each year in the United States, with over 180 million cases reported worldwide. Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomoniasis affects both women and men. The most common location of infection in women is the vagina, and in men it is the urethra.

Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast) and a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans.
Under normal circumstances, C. albicans lives in 80 percent of the human population with no harmful effects, although overgrowth results in candidiasis. Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-positive patients but may also occur in the blood and in the genital tract.

Treponema pallidum is a species of spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause a disease such as syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease whose route of transmission is almost always through sexual contact, although there are examples of congenital syphilis via transmission from mother to child in utero or at birth. T. pallidum is transmitted via penetration of the spirochetes through mucosal membranes and abrasions on epithelial surfaces.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is considered to be the most common cause of vaginal inflammation among both pregnant and non-pregnant women and prevalences between 4.9% and 36.0% have been reported from European and American studies. It previously was called nonspecific vaginitis or Gardnerella-associated vaginitis.
The adult human vagina is a complex ecosystem containing an abundance of microorganisms. In women of childbearing age this system is dominated by Lactobacillus spp., a genus of gram-positive, non-motile rod-like bacteria, a defining characteristic of which is the ability to grow in acid media and tolerate acid conditions (pH <4.5); lactobacilli also ferment carbohydrates to produce lactic acid and produce H2O2 which provides a natural defense against Gardnerella vaginalis. In bacterial vaginosis (BV) the balance of flora is changed with reduced numbers of lactobacilli (normal concentration 10^6-10^10 CFU/ml) and an increase in numbers of other facultative and anaerobic species such as anaerobic cocci Prevotella spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, and Mobiluncus spp. (normal concentration < 10^3-10^5 CFU/ml). G. vaginalis is virtually always present at high concentrations in women who have BV but is also detected frequently in normal women and in some cases the concentration of Gardnerella vaginalis can reach 10^7-10^8 CFU/ml also in absence of BV, so the most important maker of BV is the ratio of logarithm concentration Lactobacillus spp and G. vaginalis.
The clinical significance of studying vaginal flora is that it helps determine the quantity of microorganisms and assess the ratio between the different groups of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and the normal flora.
The total quantity of bacteria serves as an indicator of infection level in the vaginal enviroment: under normal conditions it can vary between 10^6 and 10^9 (6-9 Log). The ratio between lactobacilli and the total bacterial quantity can be used as an indicator of the balance between the normal and conditionally pathogenic flora: the normal proportion of lactobacilli should be 95 to 100% of the total bacterial quantity.
Bacterial Vaginosis Real-TM Quant kit is for the quantitative detection of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus spp. and total bacteriae quantity in the vaginal biotope. The logarithmic ratio between Lactobacillus spp. and the total quantity of bacteriae and also between Lactobacillus spp. and facultative pathogen microorganisms (Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae) allows to detect with high precision bacterial vaginosis disease related to normal vaginal microflora suppression (Lactobacillus spp.) and substitution with facultative pathogen microorganisms (Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae). The use of Bacterial Vaginosis Real-TM Quant kit allows to monitor vaginal environment condition and to check the therapy efficiency.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) represents a bacterial infection of the prostate gland. CBP causes an associated symptom complex, the hallmark of which is the occurrence of relapsing urinary tract infections. Approximately half of all men eventually develop symptoms consistent with prostatitis. This symptom complex accounts for approximately 25% of urologic evaluations in men.